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1992 Summer Paralympics

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IX Paralympic Games
LocationBarcelona and Madrid, Spain
MottoSport Without Limits
(Catalan: Esport Sense Límits)
(Spanish: Deporte Sin Límites)
Nations82 (BCN)
75 (MAD)[1]
Athletes3,020 (BCN)
1,600 (MAD)[1][2]
Events487 in 15 sports (BCN)
68 in 5 sports (MAD)
Opening3 September 1992 (BCN)
15 September 1992 (MAD)
Closing14 September 1992 (BCN)
22 September 1992 (MAD)
Opened by
Queen Sofía
Cauldron
Antonio Rebollo (BCN)
Coral Bistuer (MAD)
StadiumEstadi Olímpic de Montjuïc (BCN)
Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid (MAD)
Summer
Winter
1992 Summer Olympics
Paralympic agitos
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1992 Summer Paralympics

The 1992 Summer Paralympics (Spanish: Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1992; Catalan: Jocs Paralímpics d'estiu de 1992) were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In addition, the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympics in the Spanish capital, Madrid.[2]

Host city selection

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Barcelona is the second-largest city in Spain and the capital of the autonomous community of Catalonia, and the hometown of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch and the famous European club, FC Barcelona that from the beginning of the candidacy provided support and financially helped the project. The city was also a host for the 1982 FIFA World Cup with two venues who were also used during the games. On 17 October 1986, Barcelona was selected to host the 1992 Summer Olympics over Amsterdam, Netherlands; Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Birmingham, United Kingdom; Brisbane, Australia; and Paris, France, during the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland.[3] With 85 out of 89 members of the IOC voting by secret ballot, Barcelona won a majority of 47 votes. Samaranch abstained from voting. In the same IOC meeting, Albertville, France, won the right to host the 1992 Winter Games. Paris and Brisbane would eventually be selected to host the 2024 and 2032 Summer Paralympics respectively.[4]

Barcelona had previously bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics that were ultimately held in Berlin.

1992 Summer Olympics bidding results[5]
City NOC Name Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6
Barcelona  Spain 29 37 47 57 67 85
Paris  France 19 20 23 18 18 -
Brisbane  Australia 11 9 10 10 - -
Belgrade  Yugoslavia 13 11 5 - - -
Birmingham  Great Britain 8 8 — - - -
Amsterdam  Netherlands 5 — — - - -

During the Olympic bid process, Barcelona demonstrated itself to be open and motivated to host the Paralympic Games and, unlike previous host cities, the bidding Committee managed to establish good relations with the then International Coordination Committee (ICC). Shortly after the selection of the Olympic host city in September 1986, negotiations with the ICC began under the mediation of Juan Antonio Samaranch.

In a innovative and risky way, Barcelona was presenting an adapted version of its Olympic project in which for the first time in history, the Olympic and Paralympic Games would be managed, planned and executed by the same people without any type of differentiation. Furthermore, unlike Seoul, Paralympic athletes would have the same conditions and opportunities as their Olympic counterparts. This involved the fact that the athletes would compete in the same venues that were already in planning with the maximum accessibility factors in force at the time, they would also have access to the same Olympic village and all the services and actions by the organizers.[6]

The inovative measures

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In April 1987, Barcelona accepted the difficult matter to host of the 1992 Summer Paralympics. This challenge was impacted by the fact that the organizers did not differentiate between the two events and organized them in a unique way, providing the same conditions for Olympic and Paralympic athletes. And this decision also encompassed a unified visual identity,the same marketing program and actions, the use of the same competition venues with some small differences and accommodation in the same village with the use of the same services and facilities,giving to them the same opportunites.This same conditions led to innovative forms of equality and equalization and which involved for the first time the implementation of an educational program at the Paralympics and which was managed in the same way as the Olympics resuting in a bigger population engagement programs. While COOB'92 was linked to the IOC for ticket sales, the ICC was not interested in this and the public can follow the Games on site practically for free.Since only tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies were sold out within minutes.It is noteworthy that this decision mediated again by Juan Antonio Samaranch became a catalyst for the International Paralympic Movement, because both athletes and future organizers would from now on have a standard of excellence to be demanded and fulfilled.The idea of unifying the organization of the two events under the auspices of the same people was so impactful that for the only time in history the Greek Olympic Committee in a mesure of approximation authorized the use of the Olympic fire during the Paralympic Games.Despite these innovative issues, the Barcelona organizers had serious financial problems. which could not be covered by the Spanish government. Thus, other alternatives were considered such as the extension of existing sponsorships and the signing of new and specific ones. As the financial amounts were not covered, some other partners appeared who were crucial to the success of the Games, civil society organizations such as Spain's National Organization for the Blind (ONCE) which until 1993 was one of the owners of the country's main private television channel, Telecinco, which created a lottery system that was also used as a form of population engagement as the also purchased 50% of the COOB'92 Paralympic department turning the.[7][8]

The city still managed to receive some additional public funds, and had the support of the ONCE Foundation who helped the Paralympic division of the COOB'92 to turn a joint venture with also helped to organize and also added funds of its own, buying a minority stake and also acting as a manager of personnel and resources to be applied. ONCE's proposal perfectly fit the needs of COOB '92. And it included the idea that the Paralympic division could become a joint venture between the two interested parties. Thus, with a big political power, ONCE was predisposed to help the Paralympic division to seek new financial resources to cover the missing amounts

After the Games in Catalonia, ONCE and COOB '92 also helped to organize the Paralympic Games for the Mentally Disabled, which were held in Madrid following the closing ceremonies in Barcelona.

Despite what had been agreed in 1989, in which Barcelona and Madrid would be the last Paralympics organized by the International Coordination Committee (ICC) and that from the Winter Games of 1994 onwards, the powers to organize the Paralympic Games would belong to the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

Sports

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The games consisted of 560 events spread over fifteen sports. Powerlifting and weightlifting were considered to be a single sport. Wheelchair tennis, a demonstration sport at the 1988 Summer Paralympics, was contested as an official medal sport for the first time. This was the first time that lawn bowls and snooker were dropped from the Summer Paralympic Games program.[1]

Venues

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In total 11 venues were used at the 1992 Summer Olympics and one new one was used at the Games in Barcelona.[9]

Montjuic

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Parc del Mar

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Vall d'Hebron

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In the north of the city, the Horta-Guinardó District, hosted three sports:

Other Venues

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Madrid

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Medal count

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Main article: 1992 Summer Paralympics medal table

A total of 1710 medals were awarded during the 1992 games: 555 gold, 557 silver, and 594 bronze. The United States topped the medal count with more gold medals, more silver medals, and more medals overall than any other nation. Germany took the most bronze medals, with 59.[10] The Madrid medals are counted too and added in the table[2] In the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of gold medals earned by a nation (in this context a nation is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee).

  Host country (Spain)

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States (USA)755248175
2 Germany (GER)615159171
3 Great Britain (GBR)404741128
4 France (FRA)363635107
5 Spain (ESP)*343142107
6 Canada (CAN)28212675
7 Australia (AUS)24272576
8 Unified Team (EUN)16151546
9 Netherlands (NED)14141139
10 Norway (NOR)1313733
Totals (10 entries)341307309957

Participating delegations

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103 delegations participated at the 1992 Summer Paralympics.

South Africa returned to the Paralympics for the first time since being declared "undesirable" due to its policy of apartheid in 1980.[11][12] Countries who made their first appearances in the Barcelona Games were Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chile, Chinese Taipei, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Iraq, Myanmar, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Seychelles, Tanzania, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay and Yemen.

Germany competed as a reunified country for the first time in the Summer Paralympics after the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Latvia and Lithuania competed as independent countries for the first time due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union (Estonia having competed independently at the 1992 Winter Paralympics as well), while Croatia and Slovenia did the same due to the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The remainder of Yugoslavia competed as Independent Paralympic Participants due to sanctions. Some former Soviet republics competed as a Unified Team (consisting of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine)[citation needed], all of whom would compete independently by the 1996 Games.

Twenty-one countries did not send a delegation to Barcelona, but sent one to Madrid; they were: Aruba, Bolivia, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, El Salvador, Fiji, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Philippines, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Suriname and Zimbabwe.[2]

Mascot

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Main article: Cobi and Petra

The official mascot was Petra, an armless girl designed by Javier Mariscal.

Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap

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The first Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympic games in the Spanish capital of Madrid from 15 to 22 September.[13] Over 1,400 athletes from 74 nations participated in the event, which was sponsored by the Associacion Nacional de Prestura de Servicios (ANDE) and sanctioned by the International Coordinating Committee of World Sport Organizations for the Disabled and the International Association of Sport for the Mentally Handicapped. As the event in Barcelona,the games alsofeatured a cultural exchange group, a group of intellectually disabled men from Nagasaki who played taiko (traditional drums) during the opening and closing ceremonies and selected events.[2][14]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1992 Summer Paralympics.

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Barcelona 1992 – General Information". International Paralympic Committee. 2008. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Madrid 1992 – the Paralympic Games that time forgot!". Paralympicanorak.wordpress.com. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  3. ^ "IOC Vote History". Aldaver.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  4. ^ Miller, Judith (18 October 1986). "Barcelona gets 1992 Summer Olympics" (Archives). The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  5. ^ "Past Olympic Host City Election Results". Archived from the original on 30 June 2011.
  6. ^ Brittain, Ian (2012). From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford : a history of the summer paralympic games (PDF). Champaign, Illinois: Common Ground Publishing LLC. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-86335-988-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  7. ^ "Juegos Paralímpicos - Barcelona 92". CPE. 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  8. ^ "Llibre Official dels IXns Jocs Paralímpics Barcelona 1992" (PDF). COOB´92. 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  9. ^ elmundodeportivo.es. "Sedes e instalaciones". Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  10. ^ "Medal Standings – Barcelona 1992 Paralympic Games". International Paralympic Committee. 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  11. ^ "'The Netherlands against Apartheid' – 1970s" Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, International Institute of Social History
  12. ^ South Africa at the Paralympics Archived 25 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, International Paralympic Committee
  13. ^ Yabe, Kyonosuke; Kusano, Katsuhiko; Nakata, Hideo (2012). Adapted Physical Activity: Health and Fitness. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 23. ISBN 978-4-431-68272-1.
  14. ^ DePauw, Karen P; Rich, Sarah (Winter 1993). "Paralympics for the mentally handicapped". Palaestra. Vol. 9, no. 2. pp. 59–64.
Preceded by Summer Paralympics
Barcelona–Madrid
IX Paralympic Summer Games (1992) 		Succeeded by
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